Japanese Martial Arts Essays - Japanese Martial Arts, Combat Sports

Japanese Martial Arts The Martial Arts of Japan The combative techniques have impacted Japan from multiple points of view. A large number of these expressions have been passed down from antiquated occasions are still even polished today. In my report, I will look at the significant Japanese expressions and tell how they have affected Japan. To start with, notwithstanding, I will give a little foundation for these expressions. The first word for Japanese combative techniques was bujutsu, or craft of the military. This had more to do with physical strategies than philosophical and mental. The physical, mental and philosophical procedures were consolidated to make budo, or method of the military. Budo was likewise used to portray the code of the samurai in primitive days. Karate is really a Japanese word importance void hand.(Nakayama 80) This applies no weapons other than the hands are expected to assault or guard. Karate is ordered into four sections - physical molding, self-protection, mental molding, and game. A common Karate competition would incorporate exhibits of breaking, weapons use, self-preservation strategies, convention and open structures and the most energizing rivalry, fighting. No one is very certain when Karate was made, yet we do realize that an Indian cleric, Daruma, a splendid specialist, Hua T'o, and a well known general of the Sung Dynasty, Yuen Fei, are viewed as its progenitors. We likewise realize that it was created in Okinawan islands from Chinese strategies and neighborhood developments as an arrangement of self-preservation. In the 1920's, Gichin Funakoshi, an Okinawan teacher encouraged a technique for karate to Japan which got on. Figure 1 - Sumo Warrior seen pondering before a fight Sumo in its initial days would in general be rough without any holds banned. During the rule of Emperor Saga (r. 809-23) the act of sumo was supported as a military craftsmanship and rules were built up and procedures developed. It is difficult to decide if the craft of sumo is a totally local game or whether comparative types of hooking from different pieces of Asia and Eurasia affected it. Hooking is a somewhat fundamental, instinctual sport rehearsed for the most part by men. Truth be told, the primary catching match at any point depicted went as along these lines, 'humble humans caught for a long time until one at last rendered some overwhelming kicks to the next's stomach and sun powered plexus. The person who was kicked was mortally injured, and the victor went cheered.'(Newton 103) The soonest composed notice of sumo is found in the Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters), a book from the year 712. As indicated by the book, around 2,500 years back, the divine beings Takemikazuchi and Takeminakata hooked along the Japan Sea coast in what is currently Shimane-ken, until the last at long last lost. Takemikazuchi, who is said to have built up the royal family from which rulers could follow their underlying foundations, gave control of the archipelago to the Japanese individuals. The Japanese didn't keep any put down accounts until the eighth century. This implies it is difficult to know, beside the legend, precisely when the craft of sumo initially created in Japan. In any case, antiquated divider artistic creations demonstrate the birthplace is extremely old. Jujitsu is a 3,000-year-old military craftsmanship. It began from a mixing of local sumo and battling procedures in Japan with the delicate parts of Kung Fu from China. Jujitsu consolidates void hand barrier and offense just as bone setting and mending strategies for use by the teacher to fix any wounds happening during preparing. It is likewise the forerunner of Aikido and Judo. One well known style of jujitsu is Danzan Ryu (the Cedar Mountain System.) Seishiro Okazaki established Danzan Ryu Jujitsu. He got tuberculosis and looked to assemble his quality in combative techniques. Influencing a fix because of the 6 days out of every week exercise, back rub and mending by his sensei, he devoted his life to investigation of Budo and recuperating. Another style of jujitsu is ninjitsu. Ninjitsu is the specialty of intangibility. Alongside its jujitsu foundation, it can likewise be followed back to Chinese spying strategies. Ninjas were utilized in the 6th century to pick up data about the foe and harm his activities. In any case, we currently call ninjas anyone who rehearses this craftsmanship. Ninjas can be both male and female, however should have three capacities. They should be a tracker, a wizard and a warrior. As with

Further Challenges Australian Consumer Law -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Further Challenges Australian Consumer Law? Answer: Introducation https://myassignmenthelp.com/free-examples/movingPuxu case was unique in relation to TPG publicizing in light of the fact that the case of deceiving conduct laid exclusively on the way that the appealing party sold merchandise that seemed to be indistinguishable from the ones sold by the respondent. On this specific case, the Court inspected whether Puxu penetrated the Trade Practices Act 1974(Cth) just as the Australian Consumer law by selling a deceptive and a misleading item. Through the greater part, the Court discovered that a sensible buyer would focus on the brand, name and the characteristic of the furniture before settling on their choice to purchase and abstain from being misdirected by the similitudes exemplified by the opponent items. This was an extraordinary complexity to TPG type of promotion which focused the potential customers who had the expectation of purchasing the item. For this situation, the potential buyers were highly intrigued with the topic of PTGs promoti on and a deceptive notice was an interruption of their cognizance which had capacity to lead the purchaser to a mistake. In the event that I was utilized in a promoting area of a network access supplier and a wellness community I would encourage the organization to either lead distinctive type of notices and estimating for the two administrations offered or direct a far reaching ad that contains the joined valuing for the web access in addition to the wellness place to abstain from deluding the buyers on the cost. For shoppers who incline toward getting to just one of the administrations, at that point I would prompt that the organization set sole valuing for each assistance to abstain from making disarray that would prompt a likely abuse of the customers as far as the costs of the administrations. References Pearson, G., 2017. Further difficulties for Australian shopper law. In Consumer Law and Socioeconomic Development (pp. 287-305). Springer, Cham. Corones, S.G., Christensen, S.A. furthermore, Howell, N., 2016. Accommodation to Australian Consumer Law Review Issues Paper. - toward-a-dynamic-transient structure

Talking to Strangers

Talking to Strangers “Yes, my consuming desire to mingle with road crews, sailors and soldiers, barroom regularsâ€"to be a part of a scene, anonymous, listening, recordingâ€"all is spoiled by the fact that I am a girl, a female always in danger of assault and battery. My consuming interest in men and their lives is often misconstrued as a desire to seduce them, or as an invitation to intimacy. Yes, God, I want to talk to everybody I can as deeply as I can. I want to be able to sleep in an open field, to travel west, to walk freely at night.” from The Journals of Sylvia Plath I am in New Orleans today. I’ve been here since Friday, staying with my cousin in her shotgun house in the Bywater, soaking up the sunshine and warm wet air before I fly back to Cambridge tomorrow morning. I’m on my own for now; my cousin is at her job, working for a public health/charity organization, and I spent the morning in a café, working. I planned to get things done early and spend today exploring, maybe bike to the city park. I wanted a sno-ball from a stand nearby. I stood in line. A man got in line behind me, made small talk. He was polite, clean-looking, from Memphis, not creepy. He asked if I would take a picture of him in a costume he’d just bought so he could send it to his girl back home. I agreed. We were in a public place in broad daylight. There were people around. I won’t go into details because I don’t feel like it. In essence, the situation did not play out as I expected. It was not harmless. It ended with the man exposed and ejaculating, and me in a state of shock, unable to say anything but “have a nice day” as I walked away, beginning to shake, with the realization that I had been violated setting in surely and steadily. I chastised myself. That wouldn’t have happened if I’d been smarter, I thought, if I’d been less compliant. Things like this have happened to me before, and they will happen to me again, and yet I am always caught off guardâ€"and somehow, my instinct is always to comply. Today I walked home quickly, discarded my plans to see the city. I wanted to get inside. My sense of safety was breaking. Shouldn’t have had it in the first place, an internal voice reprimanded me. I wanted there to exist a blend of tea that could wash memories out of my head. Forgetting tea, I called it, distracting myself by making thing s up. I sat a while. I called my mother. I began to see the truth, which is that this event was not an “accident,” was not a natural consequence of my foolish friendliness, but was an act of violence of the kind that happens all the time. I am naïve, I am foolish, but those traits didn’t give that man his need to feel power over me. And my vulnerability lies not in my habit of smiling at strangers, but in two things: my femaleness and the fact that I have not learned to fiercely defend my own boundaries. I have to learn. The following is a fragment I wrote this summer, in Santa Fe, New Mexico. I might write it differently if I wrote it today. I might not. Three days ago I sat and waited on the patio of a restaurant called the Shed while my friend Rob filled out a job application. Between the two of us, Rob and me, we know a fair number of Santa Feans. It’s a small town, and I make a habit of talking to strangers. An older man, maybe forty, scruffy-looking, sat near us and mumbled somethingâ€"a greeting to Rob, I thought, and because Rob nodded distractedly, I assumed this man was his friend. I turned to him and smiled brightly. “I’m Natasha,” I said. The man looked surprised and so did Rob. “Hot as hell today,” the stranger grunted. I smiled again and we left. “You really love meeting people, don’t you,” said Rob. It wasn’t a question, but I answered “I guess.” “You should be careful sometimes,” Rob told me softly. “I’m not telling you to stop… just be careful sometimes. You have an innocence about you that some people might want to take advantage of.” I talk to strangers. Like any girl made aware, I cross to the other side of the street at night if there’s a man nearby who might be following me. I walk in the dark with my keys between my fingers like brass knuckle knives. I listen for footsteps and try to make my own gait a little less like a woman’s. But in daylight, I talk to strangers. Rob was a stranger when I bought iced tea from him in the railyard district. Now he’s teaching me to drive with manual transmission, and pronounce some words in Navajo, and he says he’ll teach me to play poker next. A man named Perry was a stranger in the gym before I asked him a question, and now I’m editing his memoir in exchange for the personal training he usually sells for fifty dollars an hour. Four days a week I lift weights and listen to stories of youth in the hood, embellished with the most delightful analogies I’ve ever heard. “You’re amazingly approachable,” a red-bearded street musician told me when I paused to listen. I found out how he loved knives and the smell of skunk on the road. I sat down nearby and met a thin old man with long black hair. He was wearing black pants with many pockets, and a shirt of dark, thick suede, rolling into other colors. His boots were heavy brown leather with gold buckles, and he wrote with a silver fountain pen from 1934. H e smoked a hand-rolled cigarette and told me how he’d walked through opium fields in Afghanistan, roaming with friends and nomads. The field workers would shoot, you would shoot back, and you would pass. It probably is dangerous, the way I talk to people. I have the accidental habit (picked up in a small town, where I really did know most of the people I saw on the streets) of smiling at strangers like I already know them, which makes them think I intend to. I don’t. Sometimes I’d rather keep walking my way. Most of the time, though, I want to hear what people have to say. I trust people a little too much. Nothing really bad has happened to me yet. I’m naïve. I’m lucky. I should worry more. I wish I didn’t have to. I would like to be adventurous without being stupid, safe without being guarded. Perry plans to teach me how to fight, and my father plants seeds of sensible wariness in my mind when I tell him I’m going outâ€"but it doesn’t come naturally to me, fearing people. I’m afraid of a lot of things (injury, quick-moving insects, highway driving, relationships, running out of money, and my mother cursing) but strangers don’t scare me. What scares me is reality, which is that I should be scared: that I ought to carry with me everywhere I go a bit of fear, as if it will protect me. When people tell me I should worry, I do. When my neighbor comes over as I sit on the front porch at ten p.m. drinking hot chocolate, and looks afraid for me, and tells me “weird things have been happening” in the neighborhood, and that I should lock the doors and windows, I get nervous, and I get a little angry. I want to be the kind of person no one would mess with. I want to be a man. What scares me is that all the women I know have learned to be alert and afraid. And, as I reassure my boss when she says she doesn’t run on mountain trails too early alone, “with good reason.” What scares me is that eighty percent of rape victims are women under thirty, women like me, and women tougher than me, more alert than me, smarter than me, women who keep their heads down and walk quickly and don’t talk to strangers. Actually, women are statistically less likely than to be victims of violent crime at the hands of strangersâ€"and more likely to be hurt by people they know. And I’m lucky. I’ve never lived in a dangerous place. I’ve never lived in a neighborhood with a high crime rate, or worked a high-risk job. On Perry’s old block, nine people were shot and killed inside a year. On my old block, I sold crayon drawings and lemonade to the elderly couple next door. I left the topic there. I came to no conclusion. I have still come to no satisfying conclusion. I will keep talking to strangers, because I can’t help it and I love their stories. I will carry with me a little less safety and a little more anger wherever I go, and I’ll probably keep trading safety for anger as I get older and travel. I will go eat some beignets. I will finish Come Hell or High Water and watch an episode of Twin Peaks in preparation for the class I’m taking with Junot Díaz. I’m drinking forgetting tea right now. It happens to be licorice-flavored.

The Great Pyramids of Giza are located in northern part of...

The Great Pyramids of Giza are located in northern part of Egypt right besides the Nile River. The oldest and major â€Å"is the only surviving structure out of the famed seven wonders of the ancient world.† The other wonders are: The Colossus of Rhodes, The Statue of Zeus at Olympia, The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and The Lighthouse of Alexandria. The Great Pyramids was constructed for King Khufu son of King Sneferu. Three separate and diminutive pyramids were built around King’s Khufu pyramid; believe to be for each of his queens. Archeologists have also discovered a tomb nearby of what is believed to be the King Khufu mother. Also like most pyramids in Egypt, Khufu’s is†¦show more content†¦Also as you look at the structure you will see that entrance hall is on the north side standing about 59 feet from the ground. Once inside you will notice how small and narrow the passage ways to th e chambers are. the It makes you think about the size of humans at that time and how impossible it most have been to build this wonders of world. Another fact about the construction is where did the individuals who helped build the Great Pyramid came from. Some believe they were slaves from all the nations the Egyptian empire ruled but further studies of skeletons exhumed from the site show that the workers were most likely Egyptians laborers believe to work on the pyramids when the Nile River swamped the land close to it. They also built a small community right next to the site which included bakeries, grocery stores, carpenter shops, etc. I had the opportunity to travel to Egypt and see the Great Pyramid and I was able to read or hear from our guide a few facts about this monumental structure. Here are some of facts I learned: the pyramids are aligned with the Constellation of Orion. The Great Pyramids is the most accurately aligned structure in existence and faces truth north with only 3/60th of a degree of error (Tompkins). The coffer in the King’s chambers is massive, thus impossible to fit thru the passage.Show MoreRelatedComparison between the Great Wall and Egyptian Pyramids1749 Words   |  7 Pagesremained intact-the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt, which is also the oldest of the ancient wonders. On the west bank of the Nile River, there are three pyramid erected on a rocky plateau in Giza in the northern part of Egypt. These pyramids were named after these kings-Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure-agree with the kings names, and one of the most famous pyramids is the pyramid of Khufu, also known as the Great Pyramid, because it is the largest of the three. The Great Pyramid was built for Khufu,Read MoreAccording to the modern researchers, the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations likely seem very1200 Words   |  5 Pageswhich is their located differently. Egypt lies on the fertile Nile River valley , and desert around it.The Nile river have effect to Egyptians culture, it gave a rich natural fertilizing elements that helped Egyptian to grow plants. Also, Egyptian civilization formed by 3000 B.C. E., and they benefited from trade and technological. Back to Mesopotamia, it was located between Tigris and Euphrates river. Mesopotamia is made up of two regions, northern and southern. The Northern Mesopotamia wasRead MoreThe Mesopotamia And The Nile River Valley1596 Words   |  7 PagesMesopotamia and the Nile River Valley. These two civilizations are two of the most favorable ancient civilizations. Although these civilizations are similar in many ways, the small, but impacting differences it what makes these two civilizations stand out the most. The Nile River Valley was located in northern Africa in a country called Egypt. Mesopotamia was located in modern day Iraq, Iran, Syria, Kuwait, and parts of Turkey. The origin of Mesopotamia comes from the meaning â€Å"between two rivers.† The landRead MoreThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 Pagesmake airtight pottery for storage. These discoveries transformed them from gatherers to producers, allowing them to grow in number and to lead a settled life. Beginning about 5,000 years ago, a far more complex way of life began to appear in some parts of the world. In these places humans learned how to increase harvests through irrigation and other methods. Much larger populations came together in towns, cities, and other centers, where they erected impressive structures and where industry and

Topic sentence. Thomas Hobbes interpretation of natural...

Topic sentence. Thomas Hobbes interpretation of natural law is not only radically different, but inconsistent with the traditional view. This can be seen through the similarities and differences found when comparing Thomas Hobbes theory, and Thomas Aquinas’ theory in regards to their view of man’s ultimate goal, their definition of natural law in regards to its relationship with human rationality, and lastly how they view the meaning and relationship of divine providence and religion in natural law. The following pages will define natural law, and will analyze all three issues listed above through comparing and contrasting Hobbes and Aquinas’ view. Hobbes view is utilitarian. The Leviathan is the marking of when traditional natural law†¦show more content†¦In Hobbes†¦.he reveals how firmly he disagrees with traditional natural law theorists, Hobbes sates that, â€Å"I put for a general inclination of all mankind a perpetual and restless desire of power after power that ceases only in death.† In other words, Hobbes reveals that he believes that men cannot be satisfied by the â€Å"cultivation of virtue† as a political end; man will fight for more power until the fight itself kills them. According to source Hobbes states that, â€Å"All men have in common is the continual fear and danger of violent death† (Hobbes, 1956: Ch.13, 107-108). Hobbes is basically stating that because death is less likely to occur when there is peace, men will therefore desire a peaceful society only because it is in their best interest. Source , Hobbes states that, â€Å"The passions that incline men to peace are fear of death, desire of such tings are necessary to commodious living, and a hope by their industry to obtain them.† These are prime examples of where the tradition view towards natural law contrasts with Hobbes theory. Natural law tradition generally believes it is human nature to have peace, and avoid evil, wh ere Hobbes on the other hands believes man is only interested in having peace because it is for his own benefit. In current terms, Hobbes has a more realist view on natural law tradition. Thomas Hobbes and Thomas Aquinas have radically different perspectives on how the term natural law should be perceived. HobbesShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages................................................................................... 107 Creating Helpful Definitions ............................................................................................................ 110 Different Definitions for Different Purposes .............................................................................. 111 How to Avoid Errors when Creating Definitions ..................................................................... 115 Review of Major PointsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesRespond to Turbulent Change? 578 Myth or Science? â€Å"Men Experience More Job Stress Than Women† 596 Self-Assessment Library How Stressful Is My Life? 600 An Ethical Choice Responsibly Managing Your Own Stress 601 glOBalization! Work–Family Stress in Different Cultures 604 Point/Counterpoint Responsible Managers Relieve Stress on Their Employees 607 Questions for Review 608 Experiential Exercise Power and the Changing Environment 608 Ethical Dilemma Changes at WPAC 609 Case Incident 1 Starbucks Returns

Personal Reflections Free Essays

Jeremiah learned a lesson that is its deep understanding of the limitations of human beings that we cannot live a decent and satisfying life without constant guidance of Almighty God. Through the book of Jeremiah, who first taught me is, how servants of God are called to serve Him and how the Almighty chose to serve his servant from the womb itself. â€Å"Now the word of the Lord came to me saying, ‘Before I formed you in the womb I knew you, and before you were born I consecrated you; I appointed you a prophet to the nations. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Reflections or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (Jeremiah 1: 5). Jeremiah the Prophet was commissioned from the womb of his mother for his sacred duty. There are some things here that is beautiful and wonderful, when we consider what it says about the knowledge of God. God told Jeremiah that he â€Å"knew† before he was created in the womb. He already knows the strengths and weaknesses of Jeremiah. He knew that Jeremiah would be what God wants to use during certain periods of the history of Israel. Every servant of God had their own commissioned to serve Him in various office. Strong Relationship with GodJeremiah has a long-term relationship with God. Over time, he learned to inspire and trust him with positive results from many experiments that took place in the office. The righteous prophets, who tell the truth about the national condition, are not human. Jeremiah has some real friends. But God is the first in the life of this prophet. He knows and obeys God as Creator. Jeremiah was chosen to record one of the deepest parts of the Bible by God. â€Å"Thus says the Lord:† Give to the wise not to praise his wisdom, not to give a strong glory to man in his power, nor to leave the glory of riches and riches? But he who glorifies this glory, who understands and knows me, who God is, makes love, judgment, and justice on earth. (Jeremiah 9: 23-24). Jeremiah the Rescuer Despite the different circumstances, the prophet Jeremiah lived in a period of national chaos at a time when it looked like the current climate of uncertainty and anxiety. The faith, according to Jeremiah, is supported and supported by God’s personal commitment to him. Jeremiah says â€Å"Then the Lord returned his hand and touched my mouth, and the Lord said, â€Å"Behold, I have put my words in your mouth. Today, I have made all these nations and over the kingdom, destroy and exterminate, build and (9-10)†. We can see the contents of the book itself, which Jeremiah prophesied during the period of sudden decline and ultimately the capture of the country of Judah. This is a prominent voice in the expression of God’s matter for his people. Over the course of about 40 years, Jeremiah prophesied during the reign of the five different kings of Judah by the worthy Josiah. Guide trouble with it, let Jeremiah learned a few lessons about the nature of God and the very human condition that men and women of the this century must understand and acknowledge the commission of God given to them and to save nations or people.Relying on  God alone.Most of the time we forgot to relying on God when the time of persecutions. But in this book teach us, despite the severe persecution of his people, Jeremiah knew that the Supreme Lord was the absolute control of these events. Many compatriots do not, and some of them continue to weaken their message, directly from the Creator. But God had said: â€Å"I am watching to see that my word is fulfilled† (Jeremiah 1:12,  NIV).Our Creator has a clear planning and purpose for the salvation of mankind. Some things in this world make sense only if we accept this fact. For all Judah, who were attending the day of Jeremiah, God promised them that he would bless them when they were captured in Babylon. â€Å"For I know the thoughts that I think toward you, says the  LORD, thoughts of peace and not of evil, to give you a future and a hope. Then you will call upon Me and go and pray to Me, and I will listen to you† (Jeremiah 29:11-12).Great commisionGod does not like to punish Judah for national and personal sin. He sent prophets to warn them in advance, but the nation has ignored. â€Å"In vain I have chastened your children; they received no correction† (Jeremiah 2:30). So, national captivity became a necessity. What are the teachings of our world today? What we can learn by this? Of cause it’s become the reflection of today’s world. Before the disaster of Judah, Jeremiah expressed repentance by the people for the people of his. â€Å"Amend your ways and your doings, and I will cause you to dwell in this place† (Jeremiah 7:3). God calls people to conversion and personal Judah nations (verses 4-7), but it did not happen. We can get it that many benefits from the guidance of His constant regardless of how bad the country was left. â€Å"O Lord, correct me, but with justice; do with your anger, lest thou not think do not matter† (Jeremiah 10:24). Can pray the same prayer today for our country Malaysia? Yes we can because God the Almighty is the same yesterday-today- and tomorrow. Surely he will listen to our prayer. Accept the Rebuke.Jeremiah was human and had failings, but at least he honestly admitted them to God. Instead of piously covering up his true feeling, he pour out his heart to the Lord and the Lord answer him. He asks God, that he wonders why the pain and loneliness seem to be unending! He wonders whether God will fail him. Will God be like an unreliable and seasonal brook? God’s answer may shock the prophet, for the Lord told him he needed to repent, if he repent God will restore him that he may serve the Lord, if Jeremiah utter worthy, not worthless, word, so that he may be the spokesman. The Lord always balance rebuke with assurance. He promised once again to make Jeremiah a fortified wall and give him victory over all enemies. Jeremiah had to learn to walk by faith, which meant obeying God’s word no matter how he felt, what he saw, or what people might do to him. God never promised Jeremiah an easy job, but He did promise Jeremiah all that he need to do His work faithfully. God reminds Jeremiah that the suffering he has experienced is exactly like what God had told him. Jeremiah then, is not to crumble in the face of adversity but rather redouble his commitment to his prophetic vocation. Persecution has not derailed God’s promise to deliver and vindicate (verse 20), and God reminds Jeremiah that his perseverance is the very vehicle by which the people are won over to repentance (verse 19). Conclusion Is it incredible for God’s chosen servants to be weak and harm their own ministries? No. Because every servant of God is a human being and is subject to the weakness of human nature. Example; Moses became discouraged and wanted to die (No. 11: 10-15); Joshua was willing to stop and leave the land of promise (Jos 7: 6-11), Elijah even left his place of duty and hoped to die (1 Kings 19) and Jonah was angry and he refused to help the person he came to rescue (Jonah 4). God does not want us to ignore our feelings, because it will make us less than human beings, but He wants us to trust Him to change our feelings and to walk with faith in Him.The book of Jeremiah teaches that honesty and faithfulness in the midst of suffering are signs of prophetic service and a lesson that is its deep understanding of the limitations of human beings that we cannot live a decent and satisfying life without constant guidance of Almighty God. The announcement of the prophet to his initial call was a way in which God would carry out his redemptive work in the world and reaffirm the promises of liberation. How to cite Personal Reflections, Papers

Metropolitan museum Essay Example For Students

Metropolitan museum Essay It was whilst in New York visiting the Metropolitan museum that I first saw David Hockneys picture of Mount Fuji and Flowers. It struck me as a work of great beauty and made me want to look at and find out more about the artist that painted it. It was from that initial viewing that I have researched and looked in depth at the life of David Hockney. Hockney has experimented and pioneered movements and phases in the art world with notable contributions to pop art and photography. He has had such a major influence in so many areas of art in the 20th century that it is important to understand how this impact came about and what influences affected his development. In this dissertation I will follow roughly Hockneys timeline. By the end of this essay I want people to know what makes this man so extraordinary. Mount Fuji with flowers 1972 Hockney up to the Royal College From Bradford would come one of the finest talents of his era. By the age of 11 Hockney would be awarded a scholarship to Bradford grammar school. By the age of 15 he would make his first sale and soon go on to the Royal College of Art. The Royal College would inspire and contribute to his style of expressionism helping him form the pop art movement. Bradford. Born on the 9th July 1937 to Laura and Kenneth Hockney, David Hockney was the fourth of their five children. His humble origins in the depths of Yorkshire could not mask his talent. At the age of 11 he was awarded a scholarship to Bradford Grammar School where his artistic abilities were first noticed. After drawing cartoons in the school paper he made up his mind to become an artist later in life. Hockney was an individualist who even at this stage in his life spent much time on his own, often painting but also listening to opera, particularly La Boheme. Just as his appetite for art grew he was forced away from the subject after only a year in favour of more academic pursuits. However, realising his talent, Hockney naturally wanted to improve and nurture it. So at age of 14 he asked to leave Bradford Grammar to join the Bradford School of Art. In spite of this he remained at Bradford Grammar until he was 16. His dream to attend the Bradford School of Art would be realised when he left Bradford Grammar in 1953. At the Bradford College of Art he began painting with oils. His ideas on art came together here, with him seeing and thinking rather than just imitating. His art took on personal meanings in abstract form. They often concerned sexuality and love. Francis Bacon provided Hockney with a stimulus for his art. In 1957 he took the National Diploma in Design Examination; he passed with honours. Hockney avoided 2 years of national service by working in hospitals for the National Health Service, before enrolling in the Royal College of Art in 1959. Life at the Royal College. It was here he would feel most at home. With no rules or boundaries the true Hockney could come to life. This prime environment helped him find success in his work and socially. At the College there were two groups of students, classicalist and modern expressionists. Hockney was a lively member of the expressionist group. His band of friends was often to be found in bars and pubs as well as the studio, including R.B. Kita j. It was Kitaj who fuelled Hockney to discover his own style through experimentation. Abstract work did not completely fulfil his desire for a uniqueness which he could claim his own. Hockney went on to use words and rough figures in his experimenting. He was never happy though with this work. His work became largely self motivated. With his work lacking meaning his experimenting took in words often with sexual orientation attached to them. .u0ea0fe2694d0e0803df9f8748147a8d7 , .u0ea0fe2694d0e0803df9f8748147a8d7 .postImageUrl , .u0ea0fe2694d0e0803df9f8748147a8d7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0ea0fe2694d0e0803df9f8748147a8d7 , .u0ea0fe2694d0e0803df9f8748147a8d7:hover , .u0ea0fe2694d0e0803df9f8748147a8d7:visited , .u0ea0fe2694d0e0803df9f8748147a8d7:active { border:0!important; } .u0ea0fe2694d0e0803df9f8748147a8d7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0ea0fe2694d0e0803df9f8748147a8d7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0ea0fe2694d0e0803df9f8748147a8d7:active , .u0ea0fe2694d0e0803df9f8748147a8d7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0ea0fe2694d0e0803df9f8748147a8d7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0ea0fe2694d0e0803df9f8748147a8d7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0ea0fe2694d0e0803df9f8748147a8d7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0ea0fe2694d0e0803df9f8748147a8d7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0ea0fe2694d0e0803df9f8748147a8d7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0ea0fe2694d0e0803df9f8748147a8d7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0ea0fe2694d0e0803df9f8748147a8d7 .u0ea0fe2694d0e0803df9f8748147a8d7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0ea0fe2694d0e0803df9f8748147a8d7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bipolar Disorder EssayPaintings from this time included Erection 1959-60 and also We two boys together clinging 1961. In these paintings Hockney took a step forward in coming to terms with his sexuality, which was extraordinary as homosexuality was still banned and very controversial at this time in Britain. Although he had always been close to males growing up in Bradford he would become openly gay, befriending other men at the college. It would take him several years before he became comfortable with his sexuality; this is shown through his paintings later in life of openly gay scenes. His influences and life in America America was pivotal in the life of David Hockney. The significant gay scene on the west coast of America in the 60s drew Hockney to America. It was here he became influenced by the Californian lifestyle and its relaxed attitudes to homosexuality. It was to be this time spent in America that would see Hockney produce some of his best work, with his ever increasing naturalistic style and his obsession with the human figure. America. America in the 60s can be said to be in a decade of change. It is important to understand what attracted Hockney so much to America. Everything was happening in America at that time, from war to the space race. America, like Hockney in the early 60s, was in a state of confusion with endless conflicts and explorations. This may well have been what brought him to the States: the similarity and emotions both America and he shared at the time. In 1961 Hockney first came to New York, financed by his gold medal award from the Royal College of Art after his graduation. The effect of America was to be immediate. He dyed his hair blond and wore black rimmed glasses, matched by colourful garments. He was to become a new person free from the constraints of British society. It would be by this definitive image that he would become famous throughout the swinging sixties in both America and England. It would not be until after another visit to New York in 1964 that Hockney would finally reach his haven, when he flew on to Los Angeles. On reaching the City of Angels Hockney is said to have uttered My God, this place needs its Piranesi; . . . so here I am! Piranesi (1720-1778) was famous for his catalogue of etchings predominately of Rome; he would leave nothing out of a picture. His etchings are exceedingly detailed. This quote of Hockneys refers to him systematically charting Los Angeles in a similar fashion to the way Piranesi detailed Rome, but with his unique style. A Bigger Splash in an expression of Hockneys emotion and feelings he felt due to the impact that America had upon him. A Bigger Splash 1967 A Bigger Splash is probably Hockneys calling card. Although not expressive of his sexuality, it is recognisable due to the American feel of the painting. The sun, palm trees and architecture ooze of America, whist being broken by a bigger splash. The swimming pool, for which Hockney is now famous, became spontaneously recognisable with America. This owes much to the artist capturing the true essence of the place. America was so different to Bradford due to the light, heat, colour and people that Hockney focused on the one thing that incorporated all of these things. On one level or another people connected with his paintings. A Bigger Splash was all things American. Sexuality. It is remarkable that such an openly homosexual man came out of a strictly heterosexual society. Homosexuality in Britain was banned until 1967. Out of the repression of childhood came such a flamboyant figure. I feel that the influence of sexuality in Hockneys art is extremely important and should be looked into in more detail. From an early age male company surrounded Hockney. It was during his time at Bradford Grammar School that he realised his true inner feelings. He would suppress these until reaching the Royal College of Art where his coming to terms with his sexuality influenced his art. The College offered opportunities for him to meet others who faced similar changes in their lives. He used abstract words in his work, often with sexual connotations, referring to himself as queer and an unorthodox lover. .u139085307fac0f640b619ba1db9446e5 , .u139085307fac0f640b619ba1db9446e5 .postImageUrl , .u139085307fac0f640b619ba1db9446e5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u139085307fac0f640b619ba1db9446e5 , .u139085307fac0f640b619ba1db9446e5:hover , .u139085307fac0f640b619ba1db9446e5:visited , .u139085307fac0f640b619ba1db9446e5:active { border:0!important; } .u139085307fac0f640b619ba1db9446e5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u139085307fac0f640b619ba1db9446e5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u139085307fac0f640b619ba1db9446e5:active , .u139085307fac0f640b619ba1db9446e5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u139085307fac0f640b619ba1db9446e5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u139085307fac0f640b619ba1db9446e5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u139085307fac0f640b619ba1db9446e5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u139085307fac0f640b619ba1db9446e5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u139085307fac0f640b619ba1db9446e5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u139085307fac0f640b619ba1db9446e5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u139085307fac0f640b619ba1db9446e5 .u139085307fac0f640b619ba1db9446e5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u139085307fac0f640b619ba1db9446e5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Girl EssayHis expression of his sexuality brought him fame and fortune when he reached America. I have already talked about the relaxed laid back atmosphere of California, which allowed Hockney to produce his famous swimming pool scenes. The static snap shot views evoked California as this place of relaxation and fun. Two figures-Pool 1970 The landscape of the hills of California and the sun prompted Hockney to become more open about himself as this picture clearly shows. Two men likely to be Hockney and his lover at the time Peter Schlesinger are shown close by the poolside. This for Hockney was why he loved California at this time the openness and freedom of expression. His intimacy with Schlesinger would become so enduring that Hockneys pictures where a portraiture of their enduring relationship. Hockney had previously expressed his sexuality in Two Boys in a Pool back in 1965. This picture openly shows two nude males emerging from a swirling pool. The water is very reminiscent of the 60s in America and Europe with soft edges and similar to hippie flower power shapes. This picture incorporates all aspects of Hockneys work. A static depiction, emphasing the figures bronzed by the Californian sun. The pool he is renowned for but the water represents an undulating openness of 60s motifs. The picture sums up the Californian gay scene at the time; a mixture of emotions but emerging.

Crime Against Women Essay Example

Crime Against Women Essay In the ancient Indian women held a high place of respect in the society as mentioned in Rigveda and other scriptures. Volumes can be written about the status of our women and their heroic deeds from the vedic period to the modern times. But later on, because of social, political and economic changes, women lost their status and were elegated to the background. Many evil customs and traditions stepped in which enslaved the women and tied them to the boundaries of the house1. The official statistics showed a declining sex-ratio, health status, literacy rate, work participation rate and political participation among women. While on the other hand the spread of social evils like dowry deaths, child marriage, domestic violence, rape, sexual harassment, exploitation of women workers are rampant in different parts of India. Humiliation, rape, kidnapping, molestation, dowry death, torture, wife-beating etc. have grown up over the years2. 2. MEANING OF CRIME / VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN The Semantic meaning of crime against women is direct or indirect physical or mental cruelty to women. Crimes which are directed specifically against women and in which only women are victims are characterized as Crime against Women3. It is equally important to clarify the concept of violence against women. Violence is also known as abuse and include any sort of physical aggression or misbehave. When violence is committed at home it becomes domestic violence and involves family members such as children, spouse, parents or servants. Domestic violence may involve different means such as hitting, kicking, biting, shoving, restraining, throwing objects. We will write a custom essay sample on Crime Against Women specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Crime Against Women specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Crime Against Women specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In broad terms, it includes threats, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, controlling or domineering, intimidation, stalking, passive/covert abuse and economic deprivation, rape, abduction, kidnapping, murder (all cases of criminal violence, dowry death, wife battering, sexual abuse, maltreatment of a widow and for an elderly women (all cases of domestic violence) and eve-teasing, forcing wife/daughter-in-law to go for foeticide, forcing a young widow to commit sati, etc (all cases of social violence), are issues which affect a large section of society4. Violence and Protective Measures for Women Development and Empowerment by Aruna Goel, New Delhi, Deep Deep Publications, 2004, pp. 3-4 2 Violence against Women and Children-Issues and Concerns, By Awadhesh Kumar Singh and Jayanta Choudhury, New Delhi, Serials Publications, 2012, p. 1 3 Ibid, p. 2 4 Ibid, 2012, pp. 2-3 The United Nations defined â€Å"Violence against Women† in 1993 in Declaration on the Elimination of Violence agai nst Women. It defines it as any act of gender -based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of uch acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life5. 3. CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL PROVISION FOR WOMEN The principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Indian Constitution in its Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles. The Constitution not only grants equality to women, but also empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women for neutralizing the cumulative socio economic, education and political disadvantages faced by them. Within the framework of a democratic polity, our laws, development policies, Plans and programmes have aimed at women’s advancement in different spheres. India has also ratified various international convention and human rights instruments committing to secure equal rights of women. Key among them is the ratification of the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 19936. Constitutional Provisions for women are as under: vArticle 14, confers on men and women equal rights and opportunities in political, economic and social sphere. Article 15, prohibits, discrimination against any citizen on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex etc. vArticle 16, provides for equality of opportunities matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the state. vArticle 39(a)(d), mentions policy security of state equality for both men and women the right to a means of livelihood and equal pay for equal work for both men and women. vArticle 42, Direct the State to make provision for ensuring just and humane conditions of work and m eternity relief. Legal Provisions for women are as under: Factories Act 1948: Under this Act, a woman cannot be forced to work beyond 8 hours and prohibits employment of women except between 6 A. M. and 7 P. M. vMaternity Benefit Act 1961: A Woman is entitled 12 weeks maternity leave with full wages. vThe Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961: Under the provisions of this Act demand of dowry either before marriage, during marriage and or after the marriage is an offence. vThe Equal Remuneration Act of 1976: This act provides equal wages for equal work: It provides for the payment of equal wages to both men and women workers for the same work or work of similar nature. It also prohibits discrimination against women in the matter of recruitment. vThe Child Marriage Restrain Act of 1976: This act raises the age for marriage of a girl to 18 years from 15 years and that of a boy to 21 years. vIndian Penal Code: Section 354 and 509 safeguards the interests of women. vThe Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1971: The Act safeguards women from unnecessary and compulsory abortions. vAmendments to Criminal Law 1983, which provides for a punishment of 7 years in ordinary cases and 10 years for custodial rape cases. 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Act reserved 1/3rd seats in Panchayat and Urban Local Bodies for women. vThe National Commission for Women Act, 1990: The Commission was set up in January, 1992 to review the Constitutional and legal safeguards for women. vThe Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. vProtection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005: This Act protects women from any act/conduct/omission/commission that harms, injures or potential to harm, is to be considered as domestic violence. It protects the women from physical, sexual, emotional, verbal, psychological, economic abuse.. vProtection of Women against Sexual Harassment at Workplace Bill, 2010: on November 4, 2010, the Government introduced protection of Women Against Sexual Harassment at Workplace Bill, 2010, which aims at protecting the women at workplace not only to women employee but also to female clients, customer, students, research scholars in colleges and universities patients in hospitals. The Bill was passed in Lok Sabha on 3. 9. 2012. 4. CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME AGAINST WOMEN: These are broadly classified under two categories i. e. (A) The Crimes under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and, (B) The Crimes under the Special Local Laws (SLL). A. The Crimes under the Indian Penal Code (IPC): Seven Crimes included under this head are as follows: (i) Rape (Section 376 IPC) (incidence 24, 206, Rate: 2. 0) An increasing trend in cases of rape has been observed during 2007-08. A mixed trend in the incidence of rape has been observed during the periods 2008-11. These cases have reported an increase of 3. % in the year 2008 over the year 2007, a decline of 0. 3% in the year 2009 over 2008 and an increase of 3. 6% in the year 2010 over 2009 and further an increase of 9. 2% in the year 2011 over the year 2010. Madhya Pradesh has reported the highest number of Rape cases (3,406) accounting for 14. 1% of total such cases reported in the country. Mizoram has reported the highest crime rate 7. 1 as compared to National average of 2. 0. Ra pe cases have been further categorized as Incest Rape and other Rape cases. Incest Rape (Incidence†¦267) Incest rape cases have decreased by 7. 3% from 288 cases in 2010 to 267 cases in 2011 as compared to 9. 2% increase in overall Rape cases. Maharashtra (44 cases) has accounted for the highest (15. 3%) of the total such cases reported in the country Table at Annexure – I. Rape Victims There were 24,270 victims of Rape out of 24,206 reported Rape cases in the country. 10. 6% (2,582) of the total victims of Rape were girls under 14 years of age, while 19. 0% (4,646) victims were teenage girls (14-18 years). 54. 7% (13,264) victims were women in the age-group 18-30 years. However, 15. 0% (3637) victim s were in the age-group of 30-50 years while 0. 6% (141 victims) was over 50 years of age. The details are given in Table at Annexure -I. Offenders were known to the victims in as many as 22,549 (94. 2%) cases. Parents/close family members were involved in 1. 2% (267 out of 22,549) of these cases, neighbors were involved in 34. 7% cases (7,835 out of 22,549 cases) and relatives were involved in 6. 9% (1560 out of 22,549 cases). The State / UT / City-wise details are presented in Table at Annexure-II. (ii) Kidnapping Abduction (Sec. 63-373 IPC) (Incidence†¦35, 565, Rate†¦2. 9) These cases have reported an increase of 19. 4% during the year as compared to previous year (29,795 cases). Uttar Pradesh with 7,525 cases has accounted for 21. 2% of the total cases at the National level. Delhi UT has reported the highest crime rate at 12. 4 as compared to the National average of 2. 9 10 Table at Annexure-III. (iii) Dowry Death (Sec. 302, 304B IPC) and Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 A unique form of violence experienced by women is Dowry Death and now, the most common one. These cases have increased by 2. % during the year 2011 over the previous year (8,391 cases). 26. 9% of the total such cases reported in the country were reported from Uttar Pradesh (2,322) cases alone followed by Bihar (1,413 cases) (16. 4%). The highest rate of crime (1. 4) was reported from Bihar as compared to the National average of 0. 7 Table at Annexure-III. (iv) Torture (Cruelty by Husband Relatives) (Sex. 498-A IPC) (Incidence †¦99,135, Rate†¦8. 2) ‘Torture’ cases in the country have increased by 5. 4% over the previous year (94,041 cases). 19. % of these were reported form West Bengal (19,772 cases). The highest crime rate of 21. 6 was also reported from West Bengal as compared to the National rate at 8. 2 Table at Annexure-III. (v) Molestation (Sec. 354 IPC) (Incidence †¦. 42,968 Rate†¦3. 6) Incidents of Molestation in t he country have increased by 5. 8% over the previous year (40,613 cases). Madhya Pradesh has reported the highest incidence (6,665) amounting to 15. 5% of total such incidences. Kerala has reported the highest crime rate (11. 2. ) as compared to the National average of 3. Table at Annexure-III. (vi) Sexual Harassment (Sec. 509 IPC) (Incidence†¦8,570 Rate†¦0. 7) The number of such cases has decreased by 14. 0% during the year over the previous year (9,961 cases). Andhra Pradesh has reported 42. 7%(3,658 cases) followed by Maharashtra 12. 5%(1,071 cases) of total incidences during the year 2011. Andhra Pradesh has reported the highest crime rate (4. 3) as compared to the National average of 0. 7 Table at Annexure-III. Sexual harassment persists in many of the workplaces in India despite stringent legislation enforced against it. Sexual harassment of women is a violation of the fundamental right of women to work in a safe environment. (vii) Importation of Girls (Sec. 366-B IPC) (Incidence†¦80) An increase of 122. 2% has been observed in Crime Head as 80 cases were reported during the year 2011 as compared to 36 cases in the previous year (2010). Madhya Pradesh (45 cases), Bihar (10 cases) and Karnataka (12 cases have together contributed more than two-third of total such cases at the National level16 Table at Annexure-III. C. Reported Incidents of crime (Incidence†¦2,28, 650) A total of 2,28,650 incidents of crime against women (both under IPC and SLL) were reported in the country during the year 2011 as compared to 2,13,585 incidences in the year 2010 recording an increase of 7. 1% during the year 2011. Reported Incidents of crime : Year Cases 2007 1,85,312 2008 1,95,856 2009 2,03,804 2010 2,13,585 2011 2,28,650 West Bengal with 7. 5% share of country’s population has accounted for nearly 12. % of total crime against women by reporting 29,133 cases. Andhra Pradesh, accounting for nearly 7. 0% of the country’s population, has accounted for 12. 4% of total crimes against women in the country by reporting 28,246 cases in the year 201120 Table at Annexure-IV. Crime Rate (Crime rate†¦ 18. 9) : The rate of crime has increased marginally from 18. 0 in the year 2010 to 18. 9 during the years 2011. Tripura has reported the highest rate of crime against women at 37. 0 during the year 2011 a s compared to 18. 9 crime rate at the National level Table at Annexure-IV. Trend Analysis: The crime head-wise details of reported crimes during the year 2007 to year 2011 along with percentage variation are presented in Table-I(A) below. The crime against women during the year 2011 has increased by 7. 1% over the year 2010 and by 23. 4% over the year 2007. The IPC component of crimes against women has accounted for 95. 8% of total crimes and the rest 4. 2% were SLL crimes against women. The proportion of IPC crimes committed against women towards total IPC crimes has increased during last 5 years from 8. % in the year 2007 to 9. 4% during the year 2011. Table 1(A)| Crime Head-wise Incidents of Crime Against Women during 2007-2011 and Percentage variation in 2011 over 2010| Year| Sl. No|Crime Head|2007|2008|2009|2010|2011|Percentage variation in 2011 over 2010| 1. |Rape (Sec. 376 IPC)|20,737|21,467|21,397|22,172|24,206|9. 2| 2. |Kidnapping Abduction (Sec. 363 to 373 IPC)|20,416|22,939|25,741|29,795|35,565|19. 4| 3. |Dowry Death(Sec. 302 / 304 IPC)|8,093|8 ,172|8,383|8,391|8,618|2. 7| 4. |Cruelty by Husband and Relatives (Sec. 498-A IPC)|75,930|81,344|89,546|94,041|99,135|5. 4| 5. |Molestation (Sec. 54 IPC)|38,734|40,413|38,711|40,613|42,968|5. 8| 6. |Sexual Harassment (Sec. 509 IPC)|10,950|12,214|11,009|9,961|8,570|-14. 0| 7. |Importation of Girls (Sec. 366-B IPC)|61|67|48|36|80|122. 2| 8. |Sati Prevention Act, 1987|0|1|0|0|1|100. 0| 9. |Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956|3,568|2,659|2,474|2,499|2,435|-2. 6| 10. |Indecent Representation of women (Prohibition) Act, 1986|1,200|1,025|845|895|453|-49. 4| 11. |Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961|5,623|5,555|5,650|5,182|6,619|27. 7| Total|1,85,312|1,95,856|2,03,804|2,13,585|2,28,65|7. 1| Table 1(B)| Proportion of Crime against Women (IPC) towards total IPC crimes23| Sl. No. |Year|Total IPC Crimes|Crime Against women (IPC cases)|Percentage to total IPC crimes| 1. |2007|19,89,673|1,74,921|8. 8| 2. |2008|20,93,379|1,86,617|8. 9| 3. |2009|21,21,345|2,03,804|9. 2| 4. |2010|22,24,831|2,13,585|9. 6| 5. |2011|23,25,575|2,19,142|9. 4| AMENDMENTS TO THE INDIAN PENAL CODE: Amendment of section 100- In the Indian Penal Code (hereafter in this Chapter referred to as the Penal Code), in section 100, in the clause Secondly, after the words â€Å"grievous hurt†, the words â€Å"including the offence of grievous hurt punishable under section 326A† shall be inserted. Insertion of new section 166A: Public servant disobeying direction under law: 166A- Whoever, being a public servant,–– (a) knowingly disobeys any direction of the law which prohibits him from requiring the attendance at any place of any person for the purpose of investigation into an offence or any other matter, or (b) knowingly disobeys, to the prejudice of any person, any other direction of the law regulating the manner in which he shall conduct such investigation, or (c) fails to record any information given to him under subsection (1) of section 154 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and in particular in relation to cognizable offence punishable under s e c t i o n 354, section 354A, section 354B, section 354C, sub-section (2) of section 354D, section 376, section 376A, section 376B, s ection 376C, section 376D or section 376E, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year or with fine or with both. †. Insertion of new sections 326A and 326B: Voluntarily causing grievous hurt by use of acid, etc- 326A- Whoever causes permanent or partial damage or deformity to, or burns or maims or disfigures or disables, any part or parts of the body of a person or causes grievous hurt by throwing acid on or by administering acid to that person, or by using any other means with the intention of causing or with the knowledge that he is likely to cause such injury or hurt, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which may extend to imprisonment for life and with fine which may extend to ten lakh rupees: Provided that any fine imposed under this section shall be given to the person on whom acid was thrown or to whom acid was administered. 26B- Whoever throws or attempts to throw acid on any person or attempts to administer acid to any person, or attempts to use any other means, with the intention of causing permanent or partial d amage or deformity or burns or maiming or disfigurement or disability or grievous hurt to that person, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than five years but which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation 1: For the purposes of section 326A and this section, â€Å"acid† includes any substance which has acidic or corrosive character or burning nature, that is capable of causing bodily injury leading to scars or disfigurement or temporary or permanent disability. Explanation 2: â€Å"Permanent or partial damage† includes deformity, or maiming, or burning, or disfiguring, or disabling any part or parts of the body of a person. Explanation 3: For the purposes of section 326A and this section, permanent or partial damage or deformity shall not be required to be irreversible. ’ Amendment of section 354: In section 354 of the Penal Code, for the words â€Å"shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both†, the words â€Å"shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term of one year which may extend to five years and shall also be liable to fine† shall be substituted. Insertion of new sections 354A, 354B, 354C and 354D: 354A: (1) The following acts or behaviour shall constitute the offence of sexual harassment–– (i)physical contact and advances involving unwelcome and explicit sexual overtures; or (ii) a demand or request for sexual favours; or (iii) making sexually coloured remarks; or (iv) forcibly showing pornography; or (v) any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature. 2) Any person who commits the offence specified in clause (i) or clause (ii) of sub-section(1) shall be punished with rigorous impri sonment which may extend to five years, or with fine, or with both. (3) Any person who commits the offence specified in clause (iii) or clause (iv) or clause (v) of sub-section (1) shall be punishable with imprisonment of either description that may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both. Assault or use of criminal force to woman with intent to disrobe: 354B- Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any woman or abets such act with the intention of disrobing or compelling her to be naked in any public place, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than three years but which may extend to seven years and with fine. Voyeurism: 354C- Whoever watches, or captures the image of, a woman engaging in a private act in circumstances where she would usually have the expectation of not being observed either by the perpetrator or by any other person at the behest of the perpetrator shall be punished on first conviction with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than one year, but which may extend to three years, and shall also be liable to fine, and be punished on a second or subsequent conviction, with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than three years, but which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation 1: For the purposes of this section, â€Å"private act† includes an act of watching carried out in a place which, in the circumstances, would reasonably be expected to provide privacy, and where the victims genitals, buttocks or breasts are exposed or covered only in underwear; or the victim is using a lavatory; or the person is doing a sexual act that is not of a kind ordinarily done in public. Explanation 2: Where the victim consents to the capture of images or any act, but not to their dissemination to third persons and where such image or act is disseminated, such dissemination shall be considered an offence under this section. Stalking: 354D- 1) Whoever follows a person and contacts, or attempts to contact such person to foster personal interaction repeatedly, despite a clear indication of disinterest by such person, or whoever monitors the use by a person of the internet, email or any other form of electronic communication, or watches or spies on a person in a manner that results in a fear of violence or serious alarm or distress in the mind of such person, or interferes with the mental peace of such person, commits the offence of stalking: Provided that the course of conduct will not amount to stalking if the person who pursued it shows–– (i) that it was pursued for the purpose of preventing or detecting crime and the person accused of stalking had been entrusted with the responsibility of prevention and detection of crime by the state; or (ii) that it was pursued under any law or to comply with any condition or requirement imposed by any person under any law; or (iii) that in the particular circumstances the pursuit of the course of conduct was reasonable. (2) Whoever commits the offence of stalking shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than one year but which may extend to three years, and shall also be liable to fine. ’. Substitution of new sections 370 and 370A for section 370: Trafficking of person: 370- (1) Whoever, for the purpose of exploitation, (a) recruits, (b) transports, (c) harbours, (d) transfers, or (e) receives, a person or persons, by–– First–– using threats, or Secondly–– using force, or any other form of coercion, or Thirdly–– by abduction, or Fourthly–– by practicing fraud, or deception, or Fifthly–– by abuse of power, or Sixthly–– by inducement, including the giving or receiving of payments or benefits, in order to achieve the consent of any person having control over the person recruited, transported, harbored, transferred or received, commits the offence of trafficking. Explanation 1: The expression â€Å"exploitation† shall include, prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude, or the forced removal of organs. Explanation 2: The consent of the victim is immaterial in a determination of the offence of trafficking. 2) Whoever commits the offence of trafficking shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than seven years, but which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine. (3) Where the offence involves the trafficking of more than one p erson, it shall be punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine. (4) Where the offence involves the trafficking of a minor, it shall be punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which may extend to imprisonment for life. 5) Where the offence involves the trafficking of more than one minor at the same time, it shall be punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than fourteen years but which may extend to imprisonment for life. (6) When a public servant including police officer is involved in the trafficking of a minor then such public servant shall be punished with imprisonment for life, which shall mean the remainder of that person’s natural life. (7) If a person is convicted of the offence of trafficking of minors, on more than one occasion, then such person shall be punished with imprisonment for life, which shall mean imprisonment for the remainder of that person’s natural life. Employing of a trafficked person: 370A. 1. Whoever, despite knowing, or having reason to believe that a child has been trafficked, employs such child in any form of labour, shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than five years but which may extend to seven years, and with fine. 2. Whoever, despite knowing or having reason to believe that an adult has been trafficked, employs such adult for labour, shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than three years but which may extend to five years, and shall also be liable to fine. ’. Substitution of new sections for sections 375, 376, 376A, 376B, 376C and 376D: 1. Sexual assault: 375 A person is said to commit â€Å"sexual assault† f that person– (a) Penetrates his penis, to any extent, into the vagina, mouth urethra or anus of another person or makes the person to do so with him or any other person; or (b) inserts, to any extent, any object or a part of the body, not being the penis , into the vagina, the urethra or anus of another person or makes the person to do so with him or any other person; or (c) manipulates any part of the body of another person so as to cause penetration into the vagina, urethra, anus or any part of body of such person or makes the person to do so with him or any other person; or (d) applies his mouth to the penis, vagina, anus, urethra of another person or makes such person to do so with him or any other person; (e) touches the vagina, penis, anus or breast of the person or makes the person touch the vagina, penis, anus or breast of that person or any other person, except where such penetration or touching is carried out for proper hygienic or medical purposes under the circumstances falling under any of the following seven descriptions:–– First: Against the other person’s will. Second: Without the other person’s consent. Thirdly: With the other person’s consent when such consent has been obtained by putting such other person or any person in whom such other person is interested, in fear of death or of hurt. Fourthly : When the person assaulted is a female, with her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband and that her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she is or believes to be lawfully married. Fifthly: With the consent of the other person when, at the time of giving such consent, by reason of unsoundness of mind or intoxication or the administration by that person personally or through another of any stupefying or unwholesome substance, the other person is unable to understand the nature and consequences of that action to which such other person gives consent. Sixthly : With or without the other person’s consent, when such other person is under eighteen years of age. Seventhly: When the person is unable to communicate consent. Explanation 1: Penetration to any extent is â€Å"penetration† for the purposes of this section. Explanation 2: For the purposes of this section, â€Å"vagina† shall also include labia majora. Explanation 3: Consent means an unequivocal voluntary agreement when the person by words, gestures or any form of non-verbal communication, communicates willingness to participate in the specific act: Provided that, a person who does not physically resist to the act of penetration shall not by the reason only of that fact, be regarded as consenting to the sexual activity. Exception: Sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under sixteen years of age, is not sexual assault. 2. Punishment for sexual assault: 376- (1) Whoever, except in the cases provided for by sub-section(2) commits sexual assault, shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than seven years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine. (2) Whoever,–– (a) being a police officer, commits sexual assault – i. within the limits of the police station to which such police officer is appointed; or ii. in the premises of any station house; or iii. n a person in such police officer’s custody or in the custody of a police officer subordinate to such police officer; or (b) being a public servant, commits sexual assault on a person in such public servant’s custody or in the custody of a public servant subordinate to such public serv ant; or (c) being a member of the armed forces is in the area by virtue of deployment by the Central or a State Government, commits sexual assault; or (d) being on the management or on the staff of a jail, remand home or other place of custody established by or under any law for the time being in force or of a women’s or children’s institution, commits sexual assault on any inmate of such jail, remand home, place or institution; or (e) being on the management or on the staff of a hospital, commits sexual assault on a person in that hospital; or (f) being a relative, guardian or teacher of, or a person in a position of trust or authority towards, the person assaulted, commits sexual assault on such person; or (g) commits sexual assault on a woman knowing her to be pregnant; or (h) commits sexual assault on a person when such person is nder eighteen years of age; or (i) commits sexual assault, where the person assaulted is incapable of giving consent; or (j) being in a p osition of economic or social dominance, commits sexual assault on a person under such dominance; or (k) commits sexual assault on a person suffering from mental or physical disability; or (l) while committing sexual assault causes grievous bodily harm or maims or disfigures or endangers the life of a person; or (m) commits persistent sexual assault, shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation 1: a) â€Å"women’s or children’s institution† means an institution, whether called an orphanage or a home for neglected women or children or a widow’s home or an institution called by any other name, which is established and maintained for the reception and care of women or children; (b) â€Å"hospital† means the precincts of the hospital and includes the precincts of any institution for the reception and treatment o f persons during convalescence or of persons requiring medical attention or rehabilitation; (c) â€Å"police officer† shall have the same meaning as assigned to the expression â€Å"police† under the Police Act, 1861; (d) â€Å"armed forces† means the naval, military and air forces and includes any member of the Armed Forces constituted under any Act for the time being in force, including the paramilitary forces and any auxiliary forces that are under the control of the Central Government or the State Government. Explanation 2: Where a person is subjected to sexual assault by one or more persons in a group of persons acting in furtherance of their common intention, each of the persons in the group shall be deemed to have committed sexual assault within the meaning of this sub-section. 3. Punishment for causing death or resulting in persistent vegetative state of the victim: 376A- Whoever, commits an offence punishable under sub-section (1) or sub section (2) of section 376 and in the course of such commission inflicts an injury which causes the death of the person or causes the person to be in a persistent vegetative state, shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than twenty ears, but which may extend to imprisonment for life, which shall mean the remainder of that person’s natural life, or with death. 4. Sexual assault by husband upon his wife during separation: 376B- Whoever commits sexual assault on his own wife, who is living separately unde r a decree of separation or under any custom or usage, without her consent, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description, for a term which shall not be less than two years but which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine. 5. Sexual intercourse by a person in authority: 376C. Whoever,–– (a) being in a position of authority or in a

Reading Comprehension Assessment and Lessons

Reading Comprehension Assessment and Lessons The ability to read is one of the most powerful tools teachers and parents can give students. Literacy is strongly correlated with future economic  and professional success. Illiteracy, on the other hand, exacts a steep price.  The National Center for Education Statistics notes that 43 percent  of adults with the lowest reading levels live in poverty, and according to the National Institute for Literacy, 70  percent of people on welfare have extremely low literacy. Furthermore, 72  percent of children of parents with low literacy will themselves have low literacy, and are more likely  to perform poorly in school and drop out.   Early and elementary education offers  a key opportunity to break this cycle of economic hardship. And while the mechanics of reading and writing are essential building blocks, reading comprehension allows students to move beyond decoding and into understanding and enjoyment. Understanding Reading Comprehension The easiest way to explain reading comprehension is to put a reader in the position of someone who is deciphering letters and words rather than comprehending (attaching meaning to) them. Try reading this: Fà ¦der ureà °u à °e eart on heofenumsi à °in nama gehalgodto-becume à °in ricegeweorà ¾e à °in willa on eorà °an swa swa on heofenum.Urne ge dà ¦ghwamlican hlaf syle us to-deagand forgyf us ure gyltasswa swa we forgifaà ¾ urum gyltendumane ne gelà ¦de à °u us on costnungeac alys us of yfle. Using your knowledge base of phonetic sounds, you might be able to â€Å"read† the text, but you would not understand what you’d just read. You most certainly would not recognize it as The Lord’s Prayer. What about the following sentence? Fox grape grey shoe on land title base. You may know each word and its meaning, but that doesnt give the sentence meaning. Reading comprehension involves three distinct components: processing text (sounding out the syllables to decode the words), understanding what was read, and making connections between the text and what you already know. Vocabulary Knowledge vs. Text Comprehension Vocabulary knowledge and text comprehension are two vital elements of reading comprehension. Vocabulary knowledge refers to understanding individual words. If a reader doesn’t understand the words he is reading, he won’t understand the text as a whole. Because vocabulary knowledge is essential to reading comprehension, children should  be exposed to a rich vocabulary and should always be learning new words. Parents and teachers can help by defining potentially unfamiliar words that students will encounter in texts and teaching students to use contextual clues to understand the meaning of new words. Text comprehension builds on vocabulary knowledge by allowing the reader to combine the meanings of the individual words to understand the overall text. If you’ve ever read a complicated legal document, a challenging book, or the previous example of a nonsensical sentence, you can understand the relationship between vocabulary knowledge and text comprehension. Understanding the meaning of most of the words does not necessarily translate into understanding the text as a whole. Text comprehension relies on the reader making connections with what hes reading. Reading Comprehension Example Most standardized tests include sections that assess reading comprehension. These assessments focus on identifying the main idea of a passage, understanding vocabulary in context, making inferences, and identifying the author’s purpose. A student might read a passage such as the following about dolphins. Dolphins are aquatic mammals (not fish) well-known for their intellect, gregarious nature, and acrobatic abilities. Like other mammals, they are warm-blooded, give birth to live young, feed their babies milk, and breathe air through their lungs. Dolphins have a streamlined body, a pronounced beak, and a blowhole. They swim by moving their tail up and down to propel themselves forward.A female dolphin is called a cow, a male is a bull, and the babies are calves. Dolphins are carnivores that eat marine life such as fish and squid. They have great eyesight and use this along with echolocation to move about in the ocean and locate and identify objects around them.Dolphins communicate with clicks and whistles. They develop their own personal whistle, which is distinct from other dolphins. Mother dolphins whistle to their babies frequently after birth so that the calves learn to recognize their mothers whistle. After reading the passage, students are asked to answer questions based on what they read to demonstrate their understanding of the passage. Young students might be expected to understand from the text that dolphins are mammals that live in the ocean. They eat fish and communicate with clicks and whistles. Older students might be asked to apply information gleaned from the passage to facts they already know. They could be asked to infer the meaning of the term carnivore from the text, identify what dolphins and cattle have in common (being identified as a cow, bull, or calf) or how a dolphin’s whistle is similar to a human fingerprint (each is distinct to the individual). Methods of Assessing Reading Comprehension There are several ways to evaluate a student’s reading comprehension skills. One method is to use a formal assessment, like the example above,  with reading passages followed by questions about the passage. Another method is to use informal assessments. Ask students to tell you about what they read or retell the story or event in their own words. Put students in discussion groups and listen to what they have to say about the book,  watching for areas of confusion and  students who are not participating. Ask students for a written response to the text, such as journaling, identifying their favorite scene, or listing the top 3 to 5 facts they learned from the text. Signs That a Student Is Not Able to Comprehend What Hes Reading One indicator that a student is struggling with reading comprehension is difficulty reading aloud. If a student struggles to recognize or sound out words when he’s reading orally, he’s likely encountering the same struggles when reading silently. Weak vocabulary is another indicator of poor reading comprehension. This is because students who struggle with text comprehension may have difficulting learning and incorporating new vocabulary. Finally, poor spelling and weak writing skills may be a signal that a student isn’t able to comprehend what he’s reading. Difficulty spelling may indicate problems remembering letter sounds, which means that the student is likely also having trouble processing text. How to Teach Effective Reading Comprehension It might seem as though reading comprehension skills develop naturally, but that’s because students gradually begin to internalize the techniques. Effective reading comprehension skills must be taught, but it’s not difficult to do. There are simple strategies to improve reading comprehension that parents and teachers can employ. The most important step is to ask questions before, during, and after reading. Ask students what they think the story is going to be about based on the title or cover. As you’re reading, ask students to summarize what they’ve read so far or predict what they think will happen next. After reading, ask students to summarize the story, identify the main idea, or highlight the most important facts or events. Next, help children make connections between what they’ve read and their experiences. Ask them what they would have done if they had been in the main character’s situation or if they’ve had a similar experience. Consider reading challenging texts aloud. Ideally, students will have their own copy of the book so that they can follow along. Reading aloud models good reading techniques and allows students to hear new vocabulary in context without disrupting the flow of the story. How Students Can Improve Reading Comprehension Skills There are also steps that students can take to improve their reading comprehension skills. The first, most basic step is to improve overall reading skills. Help students select books about topics that interest them and encourage them to  read at least 20 minutes each day. It’s okay if they want to start with books below their reading level. Doing so can help students focus on what they’re reading, rather than on decoding more challenging text, and improve their confidence. Next, encourage students to stop every so often and summarize what they’ve read, either mentally or aloud with a reading buddy. They may want to make notes or use a graphic organizer to  record their thoughts. Remind students to get  an overview of what they’ll be reading by first reading chapter titles and subheadings. Conversely, students can also benefit from skimming over the material after they’ve read it. Students should also take steps to improve their vocabulary. One way to do so without disrupting the flow of reading is to jot down unfamiliar words and look them up after they’ve finished their reading time.

Evaluation Research, Research Analysis And Ex Post Factor Essay

Evaluation Research, Research Analysis And Ex Post Factor Hypothesizing - Essay Example Evaluation research, factors that makes formulation of the problem difficult and suggested solutions The role of research in science involves collection of data on a given topic in order to establish existing properties of the data to aid ‘decision-making’ processes. In evaluation research, data collection and analysis aims at establishing preference on an item. A number of difficulties, through controversies, however, have continually been raised with respect to formulation of problems in evaluation research. The reasons for such difficulties are their induced dilemma on a researcher with respect to formulation of research problem. The first factor that makes formulation of the problem difficult is existence of different theories with respect to time, within the research’s outline, when the problem is supposed to be formulated. While formulating the problem prior to the research allows for identification of information gap through exploration of existing literatu re, some experts believe that it restricts a researcher’s objectivity in research. An evaluation researcher may therefore not know whether to ‘pre-establish’ a research problem or to let problems emerge from the research process (Hunter and Brewer, 2006). The relevance of a research problem in determining the scope of a research such as research design and methods also identifies a number of difficulties in formulation of problem in evaluation research. Available resources for a research initiative together with expected cost of completing different research initiatives for example restrict a researcher’s options, in formulating the research problem, to a scope whose methodology will meet the available finances. Existing ideologies and availability of resources are therefore some of the factors that make formulation of a problem difficult for an evaluation researcher (Maxfield and Babbie, 2011). The problems can however be solved by a researcher’s s ubjective reasoning based a number of factors. One of the possible suggestions to solving the dilemma on problem formulation is reliance on a person’s experience with respect to the appropriate time, within the research’s timeline, when a problem should be developed. The researcher’s experience should also solve the difficulty of whether the problem should be developed, prior to a research, or should emanate from the research process as opposed to being determined by the researcher. Another suggestion to handling the issue is the dependence on existing literature on a similar evaluation research topic to guide a researcher on formulation of the problem. Similarly, reliance on theories also offers directions to an evaluation researcher on development of research problem (Vedyadhara, n.d.). Topics of evaluation research Evaluation research is a widely scoped type of research that aims at developing solutions to social problems or developing a plan for solving soci al issues. Consequently, it has diverse topics within the social framework. One of its topics is the â€Å"cost benefit studies† of social problems (Babbie, 2012, p. 361). The cost benefit studies evaluate existence of relationships between economic investment in social initiatives and the possible benefits from such initiatives. The topic for example researches and projects both inputs and outputs in a social venture to justify an initiative. An example of an evaluation research in cost benefit is an initiative to determine the significance of investing a given amount of resources in an anti drug campaign. In the research, the aim would be to determine the involved cost of the campaign and possible benefits, both social and economic, which can be derived from the

Yamaha Business Strategy Analysis Research Paper

Yamaha Business Strategy Analysis - Research Paper Example When looking at the company of Yamaha, it can be seen that there are specific components which drive the business forward as a whole. However, the units of musical instruments and vehicle engines each have specific qualities that provide a different level of growth within the company. This paper will examine these two business units as well as the influences in both the internal and external environment. This examination will help to create a different set of ideologies of how the business should move forward, specifically with these two specialized units. Introduction Growth that is within a specific segment of a business is dependent on both internal and external variables that are noted among those within a given business. Today, the global marketplace is changing the way in which most corporations are working as well as the associations which are related to the businesses and the associations with the changes that are progressing and in demand. When looking at the business segmen ts of Yamaha, it can be seen that different segments require targets, positioning and new brand value to ensure the success of the products. Two of the segments which define this are the musical instruments and the vehicle engines that are defined by Yamaha. These two segments relate to the overall corporate strategy while creating an effective turn – around with the business and the way in which it is able to provide various components for the growth of the company. This paper will examine the current positioning of Yamaha, as well as the units which are located within the company. These two units will be further defined by the current position that Yamaha is in, specifically by analyzing both of the segments through various models. The components that are a part of the Yamaha segments will then be defined with strategies which should be approached to ensure continuous growth and success within the company while ensuring that there is the ability to create a stronger develop ment of the musical products and the vehicle engines. Changing the approach and focusing on the internal and external environment in a different manner ensures the success of the company while allowing for new approaches to redefine the needs within the corporation. Background of Yamaha The overall ideologies behind Yamaha began in 1887 as a forerunner to the industrial age. The company began in Japan with the focus on reed organs which could be mass produced. The ideology of Yamaha quickly expanded into musical instruments, audio – visual products, semiconductors, computer products, sporting goods, home appliances and specialty industrial tools. The growth within each of these corporations continues to segment into services and products that are a part of the main corporation and which have led to several branches which are supporting the main products offered by the company. The overall mission of the business is to provide innovative products and services with the various branches of service which are offered. The philosophy is known as kando together, which is based on enriching culture and technology with different products. This is combined with the vision of offering the products to households and businesses while providing services of the basic needs and entertainment that is associated with individuals in various societies. Today, each of the market divisions continue to create a strong presence with the general mission and vision while remaining at the cutting edge of new services and products that are related to the main products which Yamaha was founded from (Yamaha, 2011). Background of Yamaha Musical Instruments The musical instrum

PEST Analysis: Brompton Bicycle

PEST Analysis: Brompton Bicycle Brompton Bicycle is a uk manufacturer bicycle based in Brentford, London by Andrew Ritchie in 1976. Models are named using a code to describe the handle bar type, number of gears and factory attached fixtures. An optional suffix is appended to show the inclusion of titanium upgrades. In Britain the clubs membership is changing, now 35-40% customers of Brompton are women. The average riders age has also dropped below 40. Its getting profit in uk . Brompton Bicycle is a British company that specialises in folding bicycles, commonly known as Brompton which is popular among bicycle commuters, especially in the UK, the Netherlands, and Japan. The Brompton design has remained fundamentally unchanged over three decades, although it has been steadily refined. The Brompton increases peoples independence and freedom so people can use this cycle wherever they can use. Approximately 22,000 bicycles are produced by the company each year and 70 percent are exported to asia and Europe. The compact dimensions of most folding bikes allow easy transport in public transport where travelling with a normal bike can be difficult or forbidden. We can this cycle in different style handlebar like c type handlebar, m type handlebar, s type handlebar and p type handlebar. -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brompton_Bicycle PEST ANALYSIS OF BROMPTON BICYCLE: Political factor: Many people are cycling on London major roads and it has nearly doubled since 2000 and TfL is targeting a 5% mode share for cycling by 2025. South West Trains is a part of Stagecoach Group, has joined forces with Brompton Bicycle to encourage passengers for cycle as part of a fully integrated low carbon journey combining bike and train. Every one like this bikes because it is efficient to ride but can be quickly folded into a package smaller than an average suitcase, so people can take wherever they like. Economic factor: Though exports account for around 75 per cent of its output, it continues to manufacture all of its bikes in the UK. Its getting profit here. Social factor: Brompton bike got a award, Mr Ritchie, who was awarded the prize that recognizes a lifetime contribution to design, he has spent 21 years perfecting to the Brompton, which is manufactured in Britain and sells around the world. At a reception in Buckingham Palace 50 years of British design genius was celebrating. Technological factor: When transporting a Brompton Bicycle by Train, Car plane or boat it would be beneficial to have a protective case. There is a need for such a protective case to also double as a fully functional bike trailer so it will attach to the rear of the bike and be used to transport light to moderate loads. -http://www.stagecoachgroup.com SWOT ANALYSIS OF BROMPTON BICYCLE: strength: Brompton bicycle is travel free and without booking restrictions we can use on rail, bus, underground, ferry or air services. Its that freedom to travel anywhere that gives folding bikes a magic quality. A folding bike can be new ways of travelling. Its have many colour with extra tall frame to fit tall riders. From 1976, Brompton was in business, but growth was infuriatingly slow. Today, Brompton Bicycle Ltd turns out 100 precision-crafted bikes a day from its cosy in Kew. Brompton bicycle sold in 27 international markets and servicing needs of the 200,000 Brompton users who are already on the road. They make something fashionable. People like the Brompton because its fun and it fits into their lives. In London, the bike is moving from being an issue of personal choice. On the corporate side, Brompton already leases a fleet of bikes to South West Trains at Waterloo. Mr Butler-Adams planned to provide package deals including bikes, training, storage and insurance to other companies.Brompton Bicycle is going to produce 25,000 bikes this year, achieving sales of  £7m-  £8m. Ritchie expects it to grow 25% a year under the leadership of managing director Butler-Adams. Brompton bicycle exports to markets to Netherlands, America, Germany, Japan and Scandinavia account for about 60% of its sales. weakness : Brompton bicycles seat pillars in both steel and aluminium versions. standard seat pillar, the Brompton and Brooks saddles can be up to 995mm from the ground. If customers inside leg is more than 33/84cm,he will almost need either of the longer seat pillars. So for the shorter people it can be difficult for ride. Its not adjustable as other bigger cycle. The merits and drawbacks of small and large wheels alike can be argued into the late hours. Opportunities: The Brompton is the only bike in the world to combine such ready portability with a first-class ride, and it creates countless new opportunities for using a bicycle. Malcolm Shepherd, Chief Executive of Sustrans said: Cycling England has been a crucial conduit for funding which has touched the lives of millions of people by making it possible for people to cycle for everyday journeys. And Brompton bikes are suitable for the every journey. Here are so many bike company competitor for the Brompton bikes. Alldays Onions, Bickerton- folding bikes. Boardman bikes, british eagle, claud bulter, dawes, etc.. bicycles are here. Like Brompton bickerton is also a folding cycle. It can be a main competitor. The Bickerton was a portable, aluminium folding bicycle designed by Harry Bickerton it had manufactured in the UK between 1971 and 1991. The bicycle was made of aluminium profiles and riding properties were poor, aluminium parts could never be properly locked in place. its weight and folded package size broke and it is cited by Andrew Ritchie as one of his inspirations in creating the highly successful Brompton bicycle. So the Brompton is better than any cycle thats why70% Brompton bike are exporting to asia and Europe. Threats: The UK folding bike Brompton is a curious company. Brompton bicycle exports for around 75 per cent of its output, it continues to manufacture all of its bikes in the UK. Brompton bicycles many parts are custom made so it may bring delays and extra costs for repairing than authorized dealers. The bike is less suited to long rides as most models have restricted gears. Riders requiring a bottom bracket to saddle top height of more than 715mm/28 can select an extended seat post to give a maximum saddle height of 775mm/30.5 -http://www.bikesandtrailers.com/folding-bikes/brompton.html Before doing any business first we have to do pest analysis in that country which is following: PEST ANALYSIS OF BANGLADESH: Political environment Bangladesh is a poor nation in South Asia its gained independence in 1971 against West Pakistan .After independence, Bangladesh has established a largely moderate and democratic majority as a Muslim country. The Bangladesh National Party and the Awami League traditionally have dominated Bangladeshi politics, with the AL in government since January 2009. Bangladesh was ruled by a military-backed caretaker government led by Fakhruddin Ahmed for two years prior to the return to democracy that was ushered in by the December 2008 election. The current Hasina government came to power in free and fair elections with an overwhelming majority in parliament. Economic environment The economy of Bangladesh is a developing country its per capita income in 2008 was est. US$1,500. According to the International Monetary Fund, Bangladeshs rank w3as the 48th largest economy in the world in 2009. The economy has grown at the rate of 6-7% p.a. over the past few years. Most Bangladeshis earn their living from agriculture. Although rice and jute are the primary crops, maize and vegetables are assuming greater importance Social environment Bangladeshi population is largely Muslim. There are many dialects of Bengali spoken throughout the region. The dialect spoken by those in Chittagong and Sylhet are particularly distinctive. In 2009 the population was estimated at 156 million. Religiously, about 90% Bengali people are Muslims and the remainder are mostly Hindus. Technological environment The Bangladesh have Space Research and Remote Sensing Organisation which operates remote sensing facilities in both French and American satellites, and it is applying meteorological and geographic data to such basic problems as soil fertility, water management, forecasting, and agricultural census work. In 1986 it became the first non-American organization and it got a award by the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration. They provided training for Bangladeshi scientists and grants of equipment and technical assistance. Bangladeshi Atomic Energy Commission operates an experimental nuclear reactor and conducts as well important agricultural research on seeds, parasites, storage of harvested crops, and irradiation. http://www.traderscity.com/board/countrytargetedleads/Bangladesh.html PEST ANALYSIS OF INDIA: Political environment After Indias independence on August 15, 1947, India received most of the subcontinents 562 widely scattered polities, or princely states, as well as the majority of the British provinces, and parts of three of the remaining provinces. Muslim Pakistan received the remainder. Pakistan consisted of a western wing, with the approximate boundaries of modern Pakistan, and an eastern wing, with the boundaries of present-day Bangladesh. India is a Sovereign, Secular, Democratic country with a Parliamentary form of Government. The Constitution was adopted by the Assembly on 26th November 1949 and it came into force on 26th November 1950. Economic environment India is eleventh largest economy in the world by nominal GDP and the fourth largest by purchasing power parity. The country began to develop a fast-paced economic growth and free market principles were initiated in 1990 for international competition and foreign investment. Per capita income in india is $1,030, ranked 139th in the world, while its per capita (PPP) of US$2,940 is ranked 128th. Indias large service industry accounts for 55% of the countrys Gross Domestic Product (GDP) while the industrial and agricultural sector contribute 28% and 17% respectively. In 2006 India exported US$21.8 billion worth of merchandise to the United States and Indian imports from the U.S. rose 26.3% to $10.1 billion in 2006, up 146% since 2002. Social environment Current Population of India is around 1,150,000,000 (1.15 billion) people in 2010, of which Hinduism accounted for 80.5%, Islam is (13.5%), Christianity is (3.0%) and Sikhism (2.3%). these are the major religions followed by the people of India. There are 29 language in india. Technological environment The Indian software industry was grown from a mere US $ 150 million in 1991-92 to a staggering US $ 5.7 billion in 1999-2000.The annual growth rate of Indias software exported consistently over 50 percent since 1991. Indias software exports would be around $ 6.3 billion, in addition to $ 2.5 billion in domestic sale. -http://www.stylusinc.com/business/india/encyclopedia.htm -http://www.locatehotelroom.com/India/encyclopedia.htm PEST ANALYSIS OF NEPAL political environment An isolated, agrarian society until the mid-20th century, Nepal entered the modern era in 1951 without schools, hospitals, roads, telecommunications, electric power, industry, or civil service. The government encouraged import and export to promote good business and encourage growth which will hopefully result in a higher employment rate, higher salaries and a better standard of living for all in time. Economic environment Agriculture is Nepals principal economic activity which employing 80% of the population and providing 37% of GDP. Only about 20% of the total area is cultivable; another 33% is forested; most of the rest is mountainous. The main food crops are rice and wheat. The lowland Terai region produces an agricultural surplus is a part of which supplies the food-deficient hill areas. Export in recent years is approximately 70% of merchandise. Nepals merchandise trade balance has improved somewhat since 2000 with the growth of the carpet and garment industries. Social environment Nepals current population is 28,563,377 of which 80.6 percent are Hindu, 10.7 percent are Buddhist, 4.4% are Muslim, 3.6 percent are Kirat ,0.5 percent are Christian, and 0.4 percent are classified other groups such as Bà ¶n religion. Technological environment Nepal is a late starter in modem science and technology. it developed technological capabilities in some specific areas they are civil engineering, architecture, agriculture, metallurgy, water management, textile and paper manufacture, medicine, dyeing and food technology. http://www.visitnepal.com/business PESTEL ANALYSIS IN SRI LANKA POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT Socialistic predilection in Sri Lanka was unswerving, but as time passed by it gave room for investment overseas in 1978. Board of Investment operates as a sovereign legal bureau with investment in foreign countries as a focus. BOI is authorized to yield grants to organizations that meet the basic eligibility standards on minimal investment, employment and exports. When the organization fails to meet the standards then its projects have to be sanctioned by the respective departments of the government. BOI also deals with the 10 zones of free trade, which is known as the export-processing zones. BOI possess the authorization to relieve any confinements on the FDI Eleven huge privatizations were accounted for 34% of the FDI. Nevertheless due to the instable political conditions and conflicting ethnicity the advancement on this issue is been decelerate for years. The president sketched out regarding anti-privatization economical scheme in his electoral pronunciamento known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Mahinda Chintanaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸. Various enterprises of the state which designing itself to be privatized were not approved, this includes the airports and banks. Privatize. Organization was planned to be regulated by the government which will turn the loss into a profit-making organization. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT Sound rates of growth has been steady in Sri Lanka despite if its intense violence on ethnicity. Rich private demand of requirements, core industrialization, primarily the intensive labour textile industry and the advancement of domestic tea manufacturing hiked the growth rate of the economy. The well-disposed FDI policy of the government ensued the zooming inflows of capital. The deceleration in the global issues activated an acute condensation in the activities of the economy in the year 2001. Subsequently there was a recuperation in the sectors of the industries that is impelled by a firm external demand and an increased growth rates in the sectors relating to service resulted in a sizeable enlargement of economical activities though the tsunami that hit the sectors of agriculture was critically damaged. Deficits in the fiscal aspects are an important issue to the government, which has been diminishing in the years past. The current fiscal obligates to cut back deficits. There are many industries that imparts in great value to the GDP that engages greater population of the manpower, this comprises of the industry in tourism, and the service industries. When taking industries into consideration, it is the textile industry that yields greater sum of revenues in export. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT Sri Lanka holds a populace of 20,238,000, of which Sinhalese constitutes about 74%, Sri Lankan Moors constitutes about 7.2%, Sri Lankan Tamils constitutes about 3.9% and the Indian Tamils constitutes about 4.6%. When religions are taken into consideration the Buddhists comprise a major share of 69.1%. Sri Lanka is prominently a rustic area that holds 79% of the population. The populace medial age is 30 and 7.8% constitute for an age group of 65 and over. The health index of Sri Lanka is fairly good when compared to other countries in Asia. The government has an expenditure of 46.3% from the 4% of the aggregate GDP for medical expenses of the country. The expected life span is 73.4yrs of the aggregate populace. TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT The telecom sphere was improved to an incredible extent in terms of liberalizing right in the 90à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s. Act of Sri Lankan Telecommunication of 1991 founded the Sri Lanka telecom also known as the SLT, it awarded the permit to function in the global system. -http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/srilanka.html After analyzing the market we have found out that there is huge market opportunity in Sri Lanka to sell folding bikes. Due to low price there are more chances that Brompton folding bikes can become the market leader successfully after some time because of many reasons such as low cost, already operation exist in Sri Lanka and due to climate condition. If we talk about local competition, it is very less. The local players get the help by the government also where the government has distributed a project to provide good cycle facility supply to those households. Im a manager of this product and i want to make profit thats why Im going to launch this product in south asia. I will launch this product in sri lanka and will export in 3 other countries, they are Bangladesh, india and Nepal. It will be better to launch this product in south asia because there labour cost will be low and we can sell this cycles in low cost. Brompton bicycles cost in uk is  £600 and over. Here, labour cost is expensive than south asia so we cant export from here. In south asia there is a scope for this product. There is a great number of people who are using bicycle but they arent like Brompton they cant fold, they are difficult for their journey. so it will be a new kind of cycle in south asia. I can make a profit. It will be cheaper so most of the people will buy it. I can make a market over there. Here are different types to entering new market they are: Export Joint venture FDI Strategic alliances Among these methods im going to use joint venture method because it will be better for my profit if i will export from here it will cost expensive. First i will go sri lanka and will talk in srilankan embassy, i will choose one cycle company as my partner over there and i will do good business over there and will make profit. 4PS ABOUT THE PRODUCT: Product: my product is folding bicycle. Price: labour cost will be low so per cycle it will cost  £90. Place: i will open my company in Colombo kingdom of sri lanka because there i can gget more facility than other place. Promotion: The literacy rate is 92% in Sri Lanka which is considered as a good rate. To sell the Brompton folding bikes every company more emphasizes on direct marketing such as event or trade show and personal selling. We will give this news first all over in sri lanka later 3 other countries by tv news and international news paper. MARKETING PLAN: Our product have made plan for Brompton folding bicycle for next five yrs. To increase our sale and profit we will spend half of our advertisement budget on personal selling because by this only we can aware consumers about our products and persuade consumers to buy the products. PRODUCTION CAPACITY: During the first year, product will be imported to Sri Lanka And later the demand of the product goes 3 other countries to have a manufacturing Unit can also be considered. This will result in better pricing of the product will result in more sales and Profits. BUDGET: Selling expenses: Staff salaries, Sales support and distribution staff expenses are included. The total expenditure is  £ 1210000.00 Sales and advertisement: For radio advertisement = £5000 Newspaper/magazine = £6000 Tv ad = £25000 Sales promotion = £250000 including customer awareness program Customer oriented = £200000 Trade oriented = £750000 Support line = £600000